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GGOYA GROUPHistorical and public-health archive
DOCUMENTED PRESS RECORDLeading Russian and international outlets
Russia · codeine · desomorphine · 1998–2019

Russia’s desomorphine tragedy

A documentary section on the chain that connected ordinary pharmacy access to codeine medicines, dependence, clandestine desomorphine production, severe medical harm, delayed regulation and the consequences of the 2012 prescription rule.

The centrepiece is a full digital facsimile of the 2008 volume Legal Narcotic Aggression in Russia, accompanied by a critical description and a verified press chronology.

Cover and title spread of Legal Narcotic Aggression in Russia
Legal Narcotic Aggression in Russia: Chronicles of an Undeclared War / compiled by Hieromonk Anatoly (Berestov) and N. V. Kaklyugin. Moscow, 2008. 400 pp. ISBN 978-5-94264-034-7. Print run: 3,000.
VIDEO ARCHIVE · YOUTUBE

«Полная история КОДЕИНА: аптечный героин. Как сироп от кашля ломает жизни»

An external Russian-language documentary on the history of codeine, pharmacy access and the human consequences of misuse. The author’s interpretations remain the author’s; compare factual claims with the primary documents published in this archive.

Original language: RussianOpen the original on YouTube
DOCUMENTARY MEDICAL ARTICLE · CORRECTED CHRONOLOGY

Codelac Phyto: Pharmstandard-Leksredstva cough elixir containing codeine phosphate, registered to ICN in 2003 and reported by Pharmstandard as commercially launched in 2004; its OTC status is documented by 25 November 2004 and continued through 31 May 2012, with dosing from age two

The 1 July 2002 date belongs to the instruction for Codelac tablets, not Codelac Phyto. ICN sold its Russian pharmaceutical segment in June 2003 for $55 million; the IPO prospectus says the Group was formed on the acquired assets and that the elixir was launched in 2004.

Open the English article
Primary historical source · Moscow, 2008

A documentary archive of early warnings

Published in Moscow in 2008, Legal Narcotic Aggression in Russia: Chronicles of an Undeclared War, compiled by Hieromonk Anatoly (Berestov) and N. V. Kaklyugin, is a 400-page documentary and advocacy collection concerning the non-medical use of medicines and other formally legal sources of narcotic substances in Russia. It brings together materials from 1998–2007: statements by physicians and public figures, a round-table resolution, correspondence with public authorities and their replies, regulatory texts, clinical papers and case descriptions, press reports, and medical photographic appendices.

The compilers use the expression “legal narcotics market” to describe access through ordinary pharmacies or retail outlets to medicines with dependence potential and to products from which controlled substances could be obtained illegally. Particular attention is paid to codeine-containing cough and pain medicines. The book discusses consumption far above therapeutic doses, the development of dependence, and the illegal conversion of such medicines into desomorphine. This connection appears explicitly in materials dating from 2006–2007, together with proposals for prescription-only supply, strict inventory and sales controls, and enforcement of pharmacy dispensing rules.

The medical section contains material on codeine dependence, tianeptine, dextromethorphan, and other psychoactive substances. One paper examines a small clinical group of 23 patients treated in 2003–2005 for dependence involving codeine-containing medicines. Other chapters document appeals to drug-control, health, regulatory, and prosecutorial bodies and reproduce contemporary media coverage.

The volume should be read as a historical record of warnings, testimony, and regulatory advocacy preceding the best-known wave of desomorphine dependence. It is not independent proof of every quantitative, causal, legal, or accusatory statement it contains. Assessments concerning public authorities, companies, and individuals remain the claims of the compilers, speakers, or republished authors and require verification against primary official records, judicial decisions, and peer-reviewed research.

Inside the volume

Documents, medicine, institutions and argument

The book is broader than desomorphine. Its value lies in the juxtaposition of early warnings, official replies, clinical observations and public advocacy.

01

The 1998–2007 documentary corpus

Speeches, a round-table resolution, letters, official replies, regulations and press materials preserve what different actors knew and demanded.

02

Codeine and desomorphine

Materials from 2006–2007 explicitly connect pharmacy availability of codeine combinations with dependence and clandestine desomorphine production.

03

Clinical evidence

The medical chapters address codeine dependence, tianeptine, dextromethorphan and GHB; a small series describes 23 patients treated in 2003–2005.

04

The institutional record

Correspondence with drug-control, health, regulatory and prosecutorial bodies allows comparison with primary official records.

05

Regulatory advocacy

The compilers argue for prescription dispensing, quantitative controls, sales monitoring, patient warnings and enforceable pharmacy rules.

06

Limits of the source

Documents sit beside polemic and accusations. Market figures, motives and claims of responsibility require independent corroboration.

Historical sequence

Warning, delay, regulation and aftermath

The sequence separates the book’s time horizon from later reporting about the 2012 regulatory turn and its effects.

  1. The archive takes shape

    Clinical observations, public statements and exchanges with state bodies document concern over non-medical use of legally sold products.

  2. The desomorphine link is stated

    Round-table materials identify codeine medicines as objects of misuse and a source for clandestine desomorphine.

  3. The collection is published

    The compilers release the 400-page volume as a record of warnings and an argument for tighter controls.

  4. Federal prescription control begins

    Russia ends over-the-counter sales of the affected codeine-containing medicines.

  5. Contraction and substitution

    Leading outlets report a sharp market fall while also documenting substitution toward other synthetic drugs.

Verified external links

How leading outlets documented the tragedy

Direct article pages only. Original headlines, dates and publishers are preserved; disputed estimates remain attributed to their sources.

01
DER SPIEGEL

Neue Billigdroge ‘Krokodil’: Der Stoff, der Junkies verfaulen lässt

Open article
02
The Independent

Krokodil: The drug that eats junkies

Open article
03
Интерфакс

Боль без наркоманов

Open article
04
Коммерсантъ Деньги

Контрольная по наркотикам

Open article
05
Интерфакс

Дискуссии по кодеину закончились

Open article
06
РБК

Кодеин встал на учет: «Коделак» и «Пенталгин» будут отпускать по рецепту

Open article
08
Forbes Russia

Кодеин по рецептам: кто из фармпроизводителей пострадает?

Open article
09
Коммерсантъ Санкт-Петербург

Эффект замещения

Open article
10
TIME

The World’s Deadliest Drug: Inside a Krokodil Cookhouse

Open article
11
Интерфакс

Кодеиносодержащие препараты в России по-прежнему продаются по рецептам

Open article
12
The Guardian

Spice – the synthetic drug gaining a grip on Russia

Open article
13
TIME

The World’s Deadliest Drug: Krokodil’s Legacy

Open article
14
ABC News Australia

Krokodil, the Russian ‘flesh-eating’ drug, makes a rare appearance in Australia

Open article